Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Biography

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is a Nigerian-American economist, fair trade leader, environmental sustainability advocate, human welfare advocate, sustainable finance maven and global development expert. Okonjo-Iweala, as she is popularly called, is currently serving as Director-General of the World Trade Organization. She is the first woman and first African to lead the World Trade Organization as Director-General.

Full Name	Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
Date Of Birth	13 June 1954
Place Of Birth	Delta State, Nigeria
Highest Qualification	Doctorate Degree
Spouse	Ikemba Iweala
Citizenship	Nigeria and USA
Net Worth	Unknown
Social Media Handle	Instagram: ngoziokonnjoiweala Twitter: NOIweala

Early Life and Education

Okonjo-Iweala was born on 13 June 1954 in Ogwashi-Ukwu, Delta State, Nigeria, where her father, Professor Chukwuka Okonjo, was the Obi (king) of the Obahai Royal Family of Ogwashi-Ukwu.

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Okonjo-Iweala was educated at Queen’s School, Enugu; St. Anne’s School, Molete, Ibadan; and the International School Ibadan. She arrived in the US in 1973 to study at Harvard University and graduated with an AB in Economics in 1976. She earned a master’s degree in City Planning in 1978 and her PhD in Regional Economics and Development in 1981 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a thesis on Credit Policy, Rural Financial Markets, and Nigeria’s Agricultural Development. She received an international fellowship from the American Association of University Women (AAUW), which supported her doctoral studies.

Career

World Bank

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Okonjo-Iweala had a 25-year career at the World Bank in Washington DC as a development economist and rose to the No.2 position as the Managing Director, Operations. As managing director, she had oversight responsibility for the World Bank’s $81 billion operational portfolios in Africa, South Asia, Europe, and Central Asia. Okonjo-Iweala spearheaded several World Bank initiatives to assist low-income countries during the 2008–2009 food crises and later during the financial crisis. In 2010, she was the chairperson of the IDA replenishment, the World Bank’s successful drive to raise $49.3 billion in grants and low-interest credit for the poorest countries in the world. During her time at the World Bank, she was also a member of the Commission on Effective Development Cooperation with Africa, which was set up by Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen and held meetings between April and October 2008.

In Government

Okonjo-Iweala served twice as Nigeria’s Finance Minister (2003-2006 and 2011-2015) and briefly acted as Foreign Minister in 2006. She was the first woman to hold both positions. During her first term as Finance Minister in the administration of President Olusegun Obasanjo, she spearheaded negotiations with the Paris Club that led to the wiping out of US$30 billion of Nigeria’s debt, including the outright cancellation of US$18 billion. In 2003, she led efforts to improve Nigeria’s macroeconomic management including the implementation of an oil-price based fiscal rule. Revenues accruing above a reference benchmark oil price were saved in a special account, the “Excess Crude Account,” which helped to reduce macroeconomic volatility.

She also introduced the practice of publishing in the newspapers, each state’s monthly financial allocation from the Federal Government of Nigeria. That action went a long way in increasing transparency in governance. With the support of the World Bank and the IMF to the Federal Government, she helped build an electronic financial management platform—the Government Integrated Financial Management and Information System (GIFMIS), including the Treasury Single Account (TSA) and the Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS), helping to curtail corruption in the process. As of 31 December 2014, the IPPIS platform had eliminated 62,893 ghost workers from the system and saved the government about $1.25 billion in the process. Okonjo-Iweala was also instrumental in helping Nigeria obtain its first ever sovereign credit rating (of BB minus) from Fitch Ratings and Standard & Poors in 2006.

Following her first term as Minister of Finance, she served two months as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2006. She returned to the World Bank as a Managing Director in December 2007.

In 2011, Okonjo-Iweala was re-appointed as Minister of Finance in Nigeria with the expanded portfolio of the Coordinating Minister for the Economy by President Goodluck Jonathan. Her legacy includes strengthening the country’s public financial systems and stimulating the housing sector with the establishment of the Mortgage Refinance Corporation (NMRC). She also empowered women and youth with the Growing Girls and Women in Nigeria Programme (GWIN); a gender-responsive budgeting system, and the highly acclaimed Youth Enterprise with Innovation Programme (YouWIN); to support entrepreneurs, which created thousands of jobs. As part of Goodluck Jonathan’s administration, she received death threats and endured the kidnapping of her mother.

This program has been evaluated by the World Bank as one of the most effective of its kind globally. Under her leadership, the National Bureau of Statistics carried out a re-basing exercise of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the first in 24 years, which saw Nigeria emerge as the largest economy in Africa. She took a lot of heat for the government’s fuel subsidy removal policy, an action that led to protests in January 2012. In May 2016, the new administration eventually removed the fuel subsidy after it became apparent that it was unsustainable and inefficient.

In addition to her role in government, Okonjo-Iweala served on the Growth Commission (2006–2009), led by Nobel Prize winner Professor Michael Spence, and the United Nations Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda (2012–2013). She also co-chaired the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation. In 2012, she was a candidate for President of the World Bank, running against Dartmouth College President Jim Yong Kim; if elected, she would have become the organization’s first female president.

Later Career

After leaving government, Okonjo-Iweala became a member of the International Commission on Financing Global Education Opportunity (2015–2016), chaired by Gordon Brown, and the Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance, which was established by the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (2017–2018). Since 2014, she has been co-chairing the Global Commission for the Economy and Climate, with Nicholas Stern and Paul Polman. In January 2016, she became the chair-elect of the Board of Gavi.

Okonjo-Iweala is the founder of Nigeria’s first indigenous opinion-research organization, NOI-Polls. She also founded the Centre for the Study of the Economies of Africa (C-SEA), a development research think-tank based in Abuja, and is a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Center for Global Development and the Brookings Institution.

Since 2019, Okonjo-Iweala has been part of UNESCO’s International Commission on the Futures of Education, chaired by Sahle-Work Zewde. Also since 2019, she has also been serving on the High-Level Council on Leadership & Management for Development of the Aspen Management Partnership for Health (AMP Health). In 2020, the International Monetary Fund’s Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva appointed her to an external advisory group to provide input on policy challenges. Also in 2020, she was appointed by the African Union (AU) as a special envoy to solicit international support to help the continent deal with the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In June 2020, Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari nominated Okonjo-Iweala as the country’s candidate to be director-general of the World Trade Organization (WTO). She later advanced to the election’s final round and eventually competed with Yoo Myung-hee. Ahead of the vote, she received the backing of the European Union for her candidacy. In October 2020, the United States government indicated that it would not back Okonjo-Iweala’s candidacy. The WTO in its formal report said that Okonjo-Iweala “clearly carried the largest support by Members in the final round; and, enjoyed broad support from Members from all levels of development and from all geographic regions and has done so throughout the process”. On 5 February 2021, Yoo Myung-hee announced her withdrawal from the race in “close consultation with the United States.” According to a statement issued by the United States Trade Representative, “The United States takes note of today’s decision by the Republic of Korea’s Trade Minister Yoo Myung-hee to withdraw her candidacy for Director-General of the WTO. The Biden-Harris Administration is pleased to express its strong support for the candidacy of Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala as the next Director-General of the WTO.” Okonjo-Iweala was unanimously appointed as the next Director-General on 15 February.[61] She began her career as Director-General of the WTO on 1 March 2021.

In early 2021, Okonjo-Iweala was appointed as co-chair, alongside Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Lawrence Summers, of the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on financing the global commons for pandemic preparedness and response, which had been established by the G20. In July 2021, she joined the Multilateral Leaders Task Force on COVID-19 Vaccines, Therapeutics, and Diagnostics for Developing Countries, co-chaired by Tedros Adhanom and David Malpass.

Personal Life

She is married to Ikemba Iweala, a family medicine Physician from Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. They have four children, including a popular author, Uzodinma Iweala.

During her campaign to become the Director-General of the WTO, it was revealed that Okonjo-Iweala became a US citizen in 2019 after spending several decades working and studying there.

Other Career Activities

Government Agencies

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Member of the International Advisory Board (since 2017)

International Organizations

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Member of the International Advisory Panel (since 2016)
OECD/UNDP Tax Inspectors Without Borders (TIWB), Member of the Board
GAVI, Chair of the Board (2016–2020)
African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2003–2006, 2011–2015)
International Monetary Fund (IMF), Member of the International Monetary and Finance Committee (2003–2006, 2011–2015)
Joint World Bank-IMF Development Committee, Chair (2004)

Corporate Boards

Danone, Member of the Mission Committee (since 2020)
Twitter, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2018)
Standard Chartered, Independent Non-executive Member of the Board of Directors (since 2017)
Lazard, Senior Advisor (since 2015)

Non-profit Organizations

Africa Europe Foundation (AEF), Member of the High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations (since 2020)
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2019)[85]
Bloomberg New Economy Forum, Member of the Advisory Board (since 2018)
Results for Development (R4D), Member of the Board of Directors (since 2014)
Women’s World Banking, Member of the Africa Advisory Council (since 2014)
The B Team, Member (since 2013)
Friends of the Global Fund Africa, Member of the Board (since 2007)
Global Financial Integrity (GFI), Member of the Advisory Board (since 2007)
African Risk Capacity, Chair of the Board
African University of Science and Technology, Chair of the Board
Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security, Member of the Advisory Board
Global Business Coalition for Education, Member of the Advisory Board
International Growth Centre (IGC), Senior Advisor
Mandela Institute for Development Studies (MINDS), Member of the Advisory Board
Mercy Corps, Member of the Global Leadership Council
Rockefeller Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees (2008–2018)
Nelson Mandela Institution, Chair of the Board
One Campaign, Member of the Board
Oxford Martin School, Member of the Advisory Council
Vital Voices, Member of the Global Advisory Council
World Economic Forum Young Global Leaders Foundation, former Member of the Board

Awards and Nominations

Okonjo-Iweala has received numerous recognitions and awards. She has been listed as one of the 50 Greatest World Leaders (Fortune, 2015), the Top 100 Most Influential People in the World (TIME, 2014), Top 100 Global Thinkers (Foreign Policy, 2011 and 2012), the Top 100 Most Powerful Women in the World (Forbes, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014), Top 3 Most Powerful Women in Africa (Forbes, 2012), Top 10 Most Influential Women in Africa (Forbes, 2011), the Top 100 Women in the World (The Guardian, 2011), the Top 150 Women in the World (Newsweek, 2011), the Top 100 most inspiring people in the World Delivering for Girls and Women (Women Deliver, 2011), She was listed among 73 “brilliant” business influencers in the world by Condé Nast International.

In 2019, Okonjo-Iweala was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She was also conferred High National Honours from the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire and the Republic of Liberia. She is also the recipient of Nigeria’s Commander of the Federal Republic (CFR).

Other honours include:

2004 – TIME’s European Heroes Award
2004 – Finance Minister of the Year, Africa Investor Magazine
2005 – Finance Minister of the Year for Africa and the Middle East, Emerging Markets

Magazine

2005 – Global Finance Minister of the Year, Euromoney
2005 – Finance Minister of the Year for Africa and the Middle East, The Banker
2010 – Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award
2010 – Global Leadership Award, Columbia University School of International and Public

Affairs

2011 – Global Leadership Award, Chicago Council on Global Affairs
2011 – President of the Italian Republic Gold Medal, Pia Manzu Centre
2014 – David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award
2016 – Global Fairness Award, Global Fairness Initiative
2016 – Power with Purpose Award, Devex Development Communications Network
2017 – Madeleine K. Albright Global Development Award, Aspen Institute
2017 – Women’s Economic Empowerment Award, WEConnect International
2017 – Vanguard Award, Howard University
2020 – African of the Year, Forbes Africa

Honorary Degrees

Okonjo-Iweala has received honorary degrees from 14 universities worldwide, including some from the most prestigious colleges:

Brown University (2006)
Colby College (2007)
Trinity College, Dublin (2007)
Amherst College (2009)
University of Pennsylvania (2013)
Yale University (2015)
Northern Caribbean University, Jamaica
LUISS Guido Carli, Italy (2021)

She has also received degrees from a host of Nigerian universities including Abia State University, Delta State University, Abraka, Oduduwa University, Babcock University, and the Universities of Port Harcourt, Calabar, and Ife (Obafemi Awolowo University). In 2019, Okonjo Iweala was awarded an honorary degree from Tel Aviv University.

Publications

Books

Sallah, Tijan; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2003). Chinua Achebe: Teacher of Light, A Biography. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. ISBN 978-1-59221-031-2. LCCN 2002152037. OCLC 50919841. OL 3576773M.
Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Soludo, Charles Chukwuma; Muhtar, Mansur, eds. (2003). The Debt Trap in Nigeria: Towards a Sustainable Debt Strategy. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. ISBN 9781592210015. LCCN 2002007778. OCLC 49875048. OL 12376413M.
Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2012). Reforming the Unreformable: Lessons from Nigeria. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01814-2. LCCN 2012008453. OCLC 878501895. OL 25238823M.
Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2018). Fighting Corruption Is Dangerous: The Story Behind the Headlines. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03801-0. LCCN 2017041524. OCLC 1003273241. OL 27372326M.[135]
Gillard, Julia; Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2020). Women and Leadership: Real Lives, Real Lessons. Penguin. p. 336. ISBN 9780143794288. Retrieved 17 May 2021.

Articles

Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi; Keller, Janeen Madan (19 January 2016). “Shine a Light on the Gaps: Financial Inclusion Matters for Africa’s Smallholder Farmers”. Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019.
Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (2016). “Funding THE SDGs: Licit and Illicit Financial Flows From Developing Countries”. Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development. 6 (6): 108–117. JSTOR 48573616.

Talks

Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (March 2007). Want to Help Africa? Do Business Here (TED Talk). Archived from the original on 17 February 2021.
Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (June 2007). Aid versus trade (TED Talk). Archived from the original on 17 February 2021.
Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi (10 January 2014). Don’t trivialise corruption, tackle it (TEDxEuston). Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.